Bridging Theory And Practice Using MITRE ATT&CK
With cyberattacks growing increasingly sophisticated and frequent, as statistics show, organizations across all industries face an uphill battle to protect their valuable data and systems. Effective cybersecurity training is paramount in equipping learners with the knowledge, skills, and awareness needed to mitigate these ever-evolving threats.
Despite traditional security awareness having recorded some successes, a key challenge in cybersecurity training remains: bridging the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application [1]. Learners need more than just a surface-level understanding of threats; they need actionable insights into how attackers operate and the tools and techniques they employ. This is where MITRE ATT&CK comes in.
MITRE ATT&CK, which stands for Adversarial Tactics, Techniques, and Common Knowledge, is a globally recognized framework developed by the MITRE Corporation. This knowledge base provides a structured and comprehensive understanding of cyber adversary behavior, detailing the tactics and techniques used in real-world attacks.
According to Michael Chertoff of the Chertoff Group and former secretary of the Department of Homeland Security, the first step to improve cyber risk measures is to “bring greater visibility to organizations’ inherent risk levels [2].” This is precisely what MITRE ATT&CK equips organizations to achieve.
Understanding MITRE ATT&CK
MITRE ATT&CK has its roots in a 2013 MITRE research project. The MITRE team wanted to document how advanced hackers were breaking into Windows networks at big companies. So, they set up a lab environment they called the Fort Meade Experiment (FMX), where they could play out attack and defense scenarios.
It wasn’t focused on keeping bad guys out; instead, they wanted to figure out how to spot intruders who had already snuck past the outer defenses. This work ended up being the foundation for the full-fledged ATT&CK framework in use today.
MITRE saw the potential in documenting how hackers operate after their Fort Meade project worked out well. This paved the way for ATT&CK, which they revealed to the public in 2015. At first, ATT&CK mainly focused on Windows, but it’s expanded a lot since then. Now, it covers all sorts of systems: Macs, Linux, phones, cloud setups, and even industrial control systems.
One of the most significant benefits of MITRE ATT&CK is its role as a common language for the cybersecurity community. ATT&CK facilitates clear and consistent communication among security professionals, regardless of their organizational context or geographic location, by providing a standardized taxonomy for describing adversary behavior.
Integrating MITRE ATT&CK Into Training Programs
Using MITRE ATT&CK moves us beyond just learning about cyber threats. Instead, we get our hands dirty with real-world attack scenarios. This approach helps security teams really get inside the minds of hackers and sharpen their defense skills in situations that feel true to life. According to Ronan Lavelle, CEO of cybersecurity validation company Validato, MITRE ATT&CK’s threat-informed defense approach empowers organizations by providing “context,” which enables them to be proactive rather than reactive [3]. Here’s how to effectively integrate MITRE ATT&CK into your organization’s cybersecurity training to achieve that:
Curriculum Development
Start by taking a hard look at your current cybersecurity training and seeing how it lines up with the MITRE ATT&CK matrix. Figure out where your existing processes match up with specific tactics and techniques. This helps show why the training matters in the real world. For example, if you have a module on phishing, expand it to cover different phishing sub-techniques listed in ATT&CK, such as spear-phishing via email or spear-phishing with malicious attachments [4].
You can also create brand new training modules that zero in on the ATT&CK techniques that matter most for your company’s specific threats and industry. To do this, think about how hackers are most likely to come after your organization. Then, make training that digs deep into those areas and teaches practical skills to fight back. So, if your company deals with sensitive financial information, you might want to focus on techniques hackers use to steal passwords, move around your network, and sneak data out (exfiltration) [5].
Training Delivery
When you’re teaching the ATT&CK approach, make sure to throw in some real-world attack stories to show how these ATT&CK techniques actually play out. Use examples of big hacks that have been in the news, like SolarWinds supply chain attacks or those ransomware attacks hitting hospitals. These show just how bad and complicated these threats can get.
Crucially, looking at actual incidents helps people get inside the hacker’s head and figure out better ways to protect themselves. It’s one thing to talk about attack techniques in theory, but seeing how they’ve been used to cause real damage drives the point home.
Additionally, interactive learning methods, such as simulations, Capture the Flag (CTF) exercises, and war-gaming, can prove very effective for providing hands-on experience with ATT&CK techniques [6]. Simulations can range from basic phishing exercises to more advanced scenarios involving malware analysis, incident response, and threat hunting.
Assessment And Evaluation
To really test if your team gets ATT&CK, ditch the basic multiple-choice tests. Instead, throw some real-world scenarios at them. Perhaps give them a fake security log and ask them to figure out what the attacker did, how to stop it, and what to do next.
But don’t just test once and call it a day. Keep checking how well your ATT&CK training is working. Ask your team what they think about it. Look at things like how fast they spot fake threats, how often they stop attacks, and how well they understand ATT&CK overall. Essentially, this isn’t just about grading people, it’s about making the training better. Use what you learn to tweak your materials, fix any weak spots, and make sure you’re keeping up with new cyber threats.
Benefits Of ATT&CK-Integrated Training
Incorporating the MITRE ATT&CK framework into cybersecurity training programs offers a multitude of benefits for both learners and organizations. For Etay Maor of Cato Networks, the ATT&CK framework is radically different from intrusion detection methods in focusing on hunting threats by detecting behavioral patterns. Let’s explore the key advantages of such an approach:
- ATT&CK gives a solid, all-round picture of how real-world hackers operate. This deep dive into hacker behavior helps organizations spot and deal with threats more effectively. It’s like getting inside the enemy’s playbook.
- Training that uses ATT&CK goes beyond just teaching theory; it’s all about practical skills. By using real examples, case studies, and simulations based on ATT&CK techniques, people get hands-on experience without the real-world risks.
- As mentioned before, ATT&CK gives everyone in cybersecurity a shared language. When security pros and even laypersons all use ATT&CK terms, it’s much easier to talk about threats, both within a company and between different organizations.
- ATT&CK isn’t set in stone, it’s always changing to keep up with new hacker tricks and attack methods. By baking ATT&CK into training, companies create a culture where everyone’s always learning and improving their skills.
- Companies that really get ATT&CK and make it part of their cybersecurity mindset are better at figuring out where to put their security dollars. They can see exactly where they’re prepared to defend against specific techniques and where they need to shore up their defenses.
Conclusion
While this article has explored the many facets of integrating MITRE ATT&CK into cybersecurity training, organizations must remember that embracing ATT&CK is not a one-time initiative; it’s a commitment to continuous adaptation. Encouraging ongoing engagement with the ATT&CK framework, participating in cybersecurity communities, and staying informed about emerging threats will empower organizations to proactively address vulnerabilities, refine defensive strategies, and remain resilient against sophisticated cyberattacks.
References:
[1] Cybersecurity Training: A Quick Guide For Beginners
[2] Cyber Risk Is Growing. Here’s How Companies Can Keep Up
[3] MITRE ATT&CK for Cyber Resilience Testing
[4] Phishing: Spearphishing Attachment
[5] Exfiltration
[6] Adversary Emulation Plans
